The pattern and pace of hyperacute hemorrhage expansion

BACKGROUND: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) expansion is common during the first 24 h after onset, but the pattern and pace of hyperacute hemorrhage growth have not been described because serial imaging is typically performed over the course of hours and days, not minutes. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the spatial and temporal characteristics of hyperacute hemorrhage expansion within minutes of ICH onset.
METHODS: An 86-year-old man with probable cerebral amyloid angiopathy developed an ICH while in the MRI scanner. Hyperacute hemorrhage growth was captured at three time points over a 14-min interval of MRI data acquisition and at fourth time point with CT 22 h later. MRI and CT datasets were spatially coregistered, and three-dimensional models of ICH expansion were generated.
RESULTS: Longitudinal analysis revealed that the spatial pattern of ICH growth was asymmetric at each time point. Maximal expansion occurred along the anterior-posterior plane during the first 4 min but along the superior-inferior plane during the next 10 min. The temporal pace of ICH expansion was also non-uniform, as growth along the anterior-posterior plane outpaced medial-lateral growth during the first 4 min (2.8 vs. 2.5 cm), but medial-lateral growth outpaced anterior-posterior growth over the next 10 min (1.0 vs. 0.2 cm).
CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence for asymmetric, non-uniform expansion of a hyperacute hemorrhage. These serial imaging observations suggest that hemorrhage expansion may be caused by local cascades of secondary vessel rupture as opposed to ongoing bleeding from a single ruptured vessel.