Abstract

The therapeutic time window for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists, non-NMDA antagonists, and glutamate release inhibitors in focal models of ischemia appears to be about 1-2 h. In contrast, a free radical spin trap was found to have an improved therapeutic window. We compared the therapeutic time windows of the NMDA antagonist dizolcilpine maleate (MK-801), the glutamate release inhibitor lamotrigine, and the free radical spin trap n-tert-butyl-alpha-(2-sulfophenyl)-nitrone (S-PBN) against striatal lesions produced by the mitochondrial toxin malonate, which produces histotoxic hypoxia. Lamotrigine exerted neuroprotective effects when administered at 1 h before malonate injections. MK-801 protected at 1 h before and 1 h after malonate injections, whereas S-PBN showed efficacy when administered up to 6 h after malonate injections. Striatal injections of malonate produced a rapid increase in lactate production and early changes in diffusion-weighted imaging as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Therefore, the time course to evolve a lesion in our model of histotoxic hypoxia is comparable with that of other models of focal ischemia. These findings provide direct evidence that a free radical spin trap has an improved therapeutic window compared to an NMDA antagonist and a glutamate release inhibitor. This could be a therapeutic advantage in the treatment of clinical stroke patients.